1. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): A hole in the wall separating the two lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart.
2. Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): A condition where the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that allows blood to bypass the lungs in the fetus, fails to close after birth.
3. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF): A combination of four defects: VSD, pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary valve), right ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of the right ventricular muscle), and an overriding aorta.
4. Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA): A condition where the two main arteries leaving the heart are reversed.
5. Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA): A narrowing of the aorta, the main artery carrying blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
6. Tricuspid Atresia: A condition where the tricuspid valve is absent or abnormally developed, leading to an underdeveloped right ventricle.
7. Pulmonary Atresia: A defect where the pulmonary valve does not form properly, obstructing blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs.
8. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS): A condition where the left side of the heart is underdeveloped.
9. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR): A condition where the pulmonary veins do not connect normally to the left atrium.
10. Ebstein's Anomaly: A malformation of the tricuspid valve and right ventricle.
11. Single Ventricle Defects: Conditions where only one ventricle is functional.
12. Double-Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV): Both the aorta and pulmonary artery arise from the right ventricle.

Diagnosis and treatment of these conditions vary based on the specific defect and its severity. Some CHDs can be detected before birth using fetal echocardiography, while others may be diagnosed soon after birth or later in life. Treatment options include medication, catheter-based procedures, and surgery. Advances in medical technology and surgical techniques have significantly improved the outcomes for individuals with congenital heart diseases.